Short Story - 1134 Words

I thought I was home in bed when I awoke to the sound of a phone ringing. Tucker could be heard whispering to the guy next to me to get some rest. â€Å"Get the phone!† I yelled. A moment later he picked it up. â€Å"Receiving. Tucker here.† â€Å"Oh, hi, good of you to call. Yes, he’s still here. You want to speak to him? Sure, hold on.† Tucker nudged me in the arm to signal he was handing me the phone. â€Å"Take a message and hold all my calls. I don’t want to talk with anyone right now,† I said. â€Å"But it’s God and he wants to have a word with you.† â€Å"Tell him I’m in a meeting right now, try back later.† â€Å"It’s the Father. He wants to talk to you.† â€Å"I don’t believe this shit! I held out my hand and Tucker placed the phone in it†¦Hello!† â€Å"Hi, Buddy,†¦show more content†¦One thing at a time. Are you ready?† God spoke a few words in a language I’d never heard before and then asked me, â€Å"How’s your head now?† I felt around with my free hand. â€Å"Well, it still hurts†¦but, hey†¦the gash is gone. How’d you do that?† â€Å"Ancient Chinese secret,† he said with a laugh. â€Å"But it still hurts,† I complained, telling him that if he really was who he said he was, I wouldn’t be feeling any pain whatsoever. â€Å"It does? Let me try something else.† It sounded as if he pounded the handset of the phone against a hard surface a few times and then asked, â€Å"Is that any better?† I paused several seconds to be sure. â€Å"I can’t believe it!† I exclaimed. â€Å"There’s no pain whatsoever, and it’s not numb, either. You’re pretty good. What did you say your name was?† â€Å"It’s God, damn it,† he said, cracking up. I had to stop and think. This could very well be God, but something isn’t right here, so I asked him, â€Å"Have you been drinking?† â€Å"Of course!† he said proudly. â€Å"What else would you expect me to be doing?† â€Å"I don’t know. Looking after the world, perhaps?† â€Å"Actually, there’s going to be a big party tonight,† he said. â€Å"A bunch of the guys stopped by to help get things set up. You need to be there.† â€Å"Really?† Then I explained to him that if he would be so kind as to fix my eyes so I could see again, I’d probably drop in for a few minutes. â€Å"Oh, that’s right,† he said. â€Å"I totally forgot about†¦just a second.† God yelled out as if talking to the crowd, â€Å"AnyoneShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Net present value Free Essays

Firms generally have many investment opportunities available.   Some of these investment opportunities are valuable and others are not. The essence of successful financial management is identifying which opportunities will increase shareholder wealth. We will write a custom essay sample on Net present value or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are three basic and related concepts that form the very foundation of modern day finance: present value, net present value (NPV) and opportunity cost. Present value gives the value of cash flows generated by an investment and NPV gives the effective net benefit from an investment after subtracting its costs. Opportunity cost represents the rate of return on investments of comparable risk. Application of these concepts enables us to value different kinds of assets, especially those which are not commonly traded in well-functioning markets. NPV of an asset or investment is the present value of its cash flows less the cost of acquiring the asset. Smart investors will only acquire assets that have positive NPVs and will attempt to maximize the NPV of their investments. The rate of return received from an investment is the profit divided by the cost of the investment. Positive NPV investments will have rates of return higher than the opportunity cost. This gives an alternate investment decision rule. Good investments are those that have rates of return higher than the opportunity cost. This opportunity cost can be inferred from the capital market and is based on its risk characteristics of the investment. To assess why Net Present Value leads to better investment decisions than other criteria, let us start with a review of the NPV approach to investment decision making and then present four other widely used measures. These are: the payback period, the book rate of return, the internal rate of return (IRR) and profitability index. The measures are inferior to the NPV and should not, with the qualified exception of the IRR, normally be relied upon to provide sound investment decisions. These measures are commonly used in practice. The NPV represents the value added to the business by the project or the investment. It represents the increase in the market value of the stockholders’ wealth. Thus, accepting a project with a positive NPV will make the stockholders better off by the amount of its NPV. The NPV is the theoretically correct method to use in most situations. Other measures are inferior because they often give decisions different from those given by following the NPV rule. They will not serve the best interests of the stockholders (Brealey, 2002). To calculate NPV we should firstly forecast the incremental cash flows generated by the project and determine the appropriate discount rate, which should be the opportunity cost of capital. Then calculate the sum of the present values (PV) of all the cash flows generated by the investment. NPV = PV of cash inflows – initial investment. To make decision on investment, we should accept projects with NPV greater than zero and for mutually exclusive projects, accept the project with the highest NPV, if the NPV is positive. The NPV represents the value added to the stockholders’ wealth by the project. The discount rate should reflect the opportunity cost of capital or what the stockholders can expect to earn on other investments of equivalent risk (Brealey, 2002). The NPV approach correctly accounts for the time value of money and adjusts for the project’s risk by using the opportunity cost of capital as the discount rate. Thus, it clearly measures the increase in market value or wealth created by the project. The NPV of a project is not affected by â€Å"packaging† it with another project. In other words, NPV(A+B) = NPV(A) + NPV(B). The NPV is the only measure that provides the theoretically correct measure of a project’s value (Ross, 2002). Payback Period. The payback period is simply the time taken by the project to return your initial investment. The measure is very popular and is widely used; it is also a flawed and unreliable measure. It is simple to calculate and easy to comprehend. However, payback period has very limited economic meaning because it ignores the time value of money and the cash flows after the payback period. It can be inconsistent and the ranking of projects may be changed by packaging with other projects. Discounted payback is a modified version of the payback measure and uses the discounted cash flows to compute payback. This is an improvement over the traditional payback in that the time value of money is recognized. A project, which has a measurable discounted payback, will have a positive NPV. However, the other disadvantages of payback still apply. It is also not simple anymore (Investment Criteria). Book Rate of Return (BRR). This is a rate of return measure based on accounting earnings and is defined as the ratio of book income to book assets. Accounting earnings are reported by firms to the stockholders and the book return measure fits in with the reported earnings and the accounting procedures used by firms. However, the measure suffers from the serious drawback that it does not measure the cash flows or economic profitability of the project. It does not consider the time value of money and gives too much weight to distant earnings. The measure depends on the choice of depreciation method and on other accounting conventions. BRR can give inconsistent ranking of projects and rankings may be altered by packaging. There is very little relationship between the book return and the IRR. (Brealey, 2002). Internal Rate of Return (IRR). IRR is defined as the discount rate at which the NPV equals zero. Used properly, the IRR will give the same result as the NPV for independent projects and for projects with normal cash flows. As long as the cost of capital is less than the IRR, the NPV for the project will be positive. IRR can rank projects incorrectly, and the rankings may be changed by the packaging of the projects. For mutually exclusive projects, IRR can give incorrect decisions and should not be used to rank projects. If one must use IRR for mutually exclusive projects, it should be done by calculating the IRR on the differences between their cash flows (Ross, 2002). Profitability Index. Occasionally, companies face resource constraint or capital rationing. The amount available for investment is limited so that all positive NPV projects cannot be accepted. In such cases, stockholder wealth is maximized by taking up projects with the highest NPV per dollar of initial investment. This approach is facilitated by the profitability index (PI) measure. Profitability index is defined as: NPV/Investment. The decision rule for profitability index is to accept all projects with a PI greater than zero. This rule is equivalent to the NPV rule. The modified rule applied in the case of capital rationing is to accept projects with the highest profitability index first, followed by the one with next highest, and so on till the investment dollars are exhausted. This rule will maximize the NPV and stockholder wealth. If the resource constraint is on some other resources, the profitability index needs to be modified to measure the NPV per unit of the resource that is rationed. The profitability index cannot cope with mutually exclusive projects or where one project is contingent on another (Brealey, 2002). Thus, comparing NVP with other criteria we can assert that NPV is superior to other criteria. First, it is the only measure, which considers the time value of money, properly adjusting for the opportunity cost of capital. Second, it gives consistent measures of the project’s value (i.e. not affected by packaging with other projects). Third, it clearly measures the value added to the stockholders’ wealth. The only exception to the superiority of NPV is when the firm is constrained by capital rationing. This implies that the firm cannot finance all positive NPV projects and should therefore choose projects that give the highest NPV for each dollar of investment. The profitability index that is defined as the ratio of NPV to the investment amount is used to achieve this selection. However, the other criteria for the evaluation of projects are found to be popular in practice. If using them, we should make sure we use them in the best possible way and understand the limitations of them. For example, we should always compare mutually exclusive projects on the basis of the difference between their cash flows, because that it is the cash flows that determine the value of a project. Inadequate forecast of the cash flows can be far more disastrous than using the wrong appraisal technique. Cash flow forecasts are difficult to make and can be expensive. It does not make sense to waste the forecasts by using an inferior method of evaluation. References: Brealey, Richard A. Myers, Stewart C. (2002). Principles of Corporate Finance, 7th ed. Chapters 5 – 6. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Book Co. Investment Criteria, Chapter 9. Introduction to Finance. COMM 203 Homepage. College of Commerce, University of Saskatchewan, 2004 from http://www.commerce.usask.ca/faculty/loescher/Commerce203/CapitalBudgeting/Investment_Criteria.ppt Ross, S., Westerfield, R., Jordan, B. Roberts, G. (2002). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited. How to cite Net present value, Essay examples

Pharmacology Biology

Question: Describe about the Pharmacology for Biology? Answer: Adrenergic receptors- it is a type of adrenoceptors and comes under the class of G-protein coupled receptors. These receptors are the targets of catecholamines, specifically, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Adrenaline reacts with alpha and beta adrenoceptors and resulting in vasoconstriction and vasodilation (Malawska Kulig, 2007). In the presence of low levels of circulating epinephrine, the stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors dominates, produces vasodilation and subsequently decreases the resistance associated with peripheral vessels. CD86- it is a ligand for two dissimilar proteins, these are: CD28 and CTLA-4, which are present on the cell surface of T cell (Eskandari-Nasab, Moghadampour, Najibi Hadadi-Fishani, 2014). It is basically a protein that expressed on APC and provides costimulatory signals required for the activation of T cells and their survival. TCR- It is also known as T cell receptors. These receptors are found on T lymphocyte surface and are responsible for determining antigens that are coupled with major histocompatibility complex molecules (Rivera Reyes, 2006). CD28- it is a receptor for CD86 and CD80 proteins. When these are activated by TCR ligands, the expression of CD80 is up-regulated in APCs. CD28 is basically protein in nature and is expressed on the surface of the T cells, which provides co-stimulatory signals needed for the activation of T cells and their survival (Khandaker, Zammit, Lewis Jones, 2014). The stimulation of T cells through CD28 along with TCR can give a strong signal for interleukins production, particularly: IL-6. 3IgH enhancer (also known as 3IgHRR or 3 enhancer)- this is considered as lymphoid specific transcription enhancer substance. This enhancer can be flanked by 350 base pairs invert repeat and produces a structure of transposable element. Odds ratio-it is said to be a measure of relationship between an exposure and a result. The odds ratio presents the odds, which means a result will come after a particular exposure, and this result is compared with the odds of the result taking place in the absence of the same exposure (Brockhaus, Bender Skipka, 2014). Atopic vs. non-atopic- Atopic Non-atopic Tendency toward growing certain type of hypersensitivity reactions Not affected with atopy; commonly the constriction and inflammation are not because of an allergen exposure (Pekkanen, Lampi, Genuneit, Hartikainen Jrvelin, 2012) May contain hereditary component CD40- It is a constimulatory receptor protein, generally found on the APCs and is needed for the activation of APCs. The attachment of CD154 on the T helper cells to CD40 activates APCs and provokes various downstream effects. 2. Antibodies can have in vivo effects. These effects can also be applied in an experimental sense to identify the significance of particular molecular inside the system. Such as: antibodies to the nerve growth factor shows that the factors associated with nerve growth had to be exist for sensory and sympathetic nervous system to grow. Antibodies to epidermal growth factor receptor have effects on some type of tumour development. 3. Direct effect- Dopamine directly interacts with T cells. This leads to beta 1 integrins activation and later T cell adhesion to an extra cellular matrix component. The adhesion is integrin mediated. Indirect effect- Antigen activated immune system controls the activity of central nervous system through cytokine release and this can bind to the receptors on vagus nerve and then CNS commutes back to immune system by SNS activation to release norepinephrine (Kin, 2006). 4. It can be hypothesized that individual with this type of mutation may develop Cushings syndrome (ZHOU CIDLOWSKI, 2005). This disease is related with prolonged contact to high cortisol hormone levels (Okumura et al., 2012). Individual with this mutation may also develop systemic lupus erythematosus, which is typically an autoimmune disease. Some gene associated risk factors can be shared across various type of diseased state, for example: SLE, with alleles in major histocompatibility locus. This picture demonstrates that the individual with this mutation have developed SLE and are predisposed to develop other autoimmune disorders. 5. The most challenging part of this could be the detection of proper polymorphism in such type of incidences (SLE) which can further guide to develop personalized medicines. This may also become important pharmacogenomic targets for medicinal therapy. References Brockhaus, A., Bender, R., Skipka, G. (2014). The Peto odds ratio viewed as a new effect measure.Statist. Med.,33(28), 4861-4874. doi:10.1002/sim.6301 Eskandari-Nasab, E., Moghadampour, M., Najibi, H., Hadadi-Fishani, M. (2014). Investigation of CTLA-4 and CD86 gene polymorphisms in Iranian patients with brucellosis infection.Microbiol Immunol,58(2), 135-141. doi:10.1111/1348-0421.12119 Khandaker, G., Zammit, S., Lewis, G., Jones, P. (2014). Poster #M118 A POPULATION-BASED LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF ATOPIC DISORDERS AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN CHILDHOOD BEFORE PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES IN ADOLESCENCE.Schizophrenia Research,153, S232. doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70668-1 Kin, N. (2006). It takes nerve to tell T and B cells what to do.Journal Of Leukocyte Biology,79(6), 1093-1104. doi:10.1189/jlb.1105625 Malawska, B., Kulig, K. (2007). New Development in 1-Adrenergic Receptors Antagonists.Cheminform,38(46). doi:10.1002/chin.200746230 Okumura, F., Sakuma, H., Nakazawa, T., Hayashi, K., Naitoh, I., Miyabe, K. et al. (2012). Analysis of VH gene rearrangement and somatic hypermutation in type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis.Pathology International,62(5), 318-323. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02788.x Pekkanen, J., Lampi, J., Genuneit, J., Hartikainen, A., Jrvelin, M. (2012). Analyzing atopic and non-atopic asthma.Eur J Epidemiol,27(4), 281-286. doi:10.1007/s10654-012-9649-y Rivera Reyes, B. (2006).Regulation of the TCR signaling pathway. ZHOU, J., CIDLOWSKI, J. (2005). The human glucocorticoid receptor: One gene, multiple proteins and diverse responses.Steroids,70(5-7), 407-417. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2005.02.006